Authors: Liu et al.

Journal: Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2025)

Research Areas: Molecular chemistry

Cell Lines: C3H10 T1/2

Summary: Developing photoinitiators (PIs) with high efficiency, low toxicity, and compatibility with high-precision 3D printing remains a key challenge. This study introduces carbazole chalcone glyoxylate oxime ester derivatives (C1–C5) as novel Type I PIs with strong visible light absorption for free radical photopolymerization under 405 nm, 450 nm LEDs, and sunlight. Molecular modeling identified C5 as the most effective, a finding confirmed by experiments showing its superior performance over commercial PIs (MBF, TPO, BAPO), with up to 132% improvement. C5 also enabled high-resolution, large-scale 3D printing.The development of photoinitiators (PIs) combining high initiation ability, low-toxicity, and availability for high-precision 3D printing is a key challenge and an urgent problem to be solved nowadays in photopolymerization.The cytotoxicity of the novel C5 Type I photoinitiator was assessed on C3H10 T1/2 cells using Holomonitor®M4, with TPO as a control. Unlike TPO, which inhibited cell proliferation, reduced confluence, slowed migration, and induced apoptosis, C5 treatment significantly increased cell count, confluence, and migration speed, while maintaining healthy morphology and behavior. These results indicate that C5 is low in cytotoxicity, promotes cell proliferation and motility, and demonstrates high biocompatibility, suggesting strong potential for clinical applications

Keywords: HoloMonitor M4, Kinetic dose response, kinetic motility assay, morphology, Single cell tracking